The free will defense, of course, is a defense for any theist committed to libertarian free will. The defense also presupposes a modified rationalist metaphysic. Moreover, it is fundamentally nonconsequentialist in its ethics; hence, it claims that the world as created by God is good, but moral evil is introduced into the world by God’s creatures, humans in particular.14 Augustine is one of the free will defense’s earliest proponents, and we can see in his work the essentials of this defense. Augustine
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